FERRARI

Ferrari S.p.A.
Type	Subsidiary
Founded	1947
Founder	Enzo Ferrari
Headquarters	Maranello, Italy
Key people	Luca di Montezemolo, Chairman and President Amedeo Felisa, CEO Giancarlo Coppa CFO Jean Todt Former CEO
Industry	Automotive
Parent	Fiat S.p.A.

Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello and Modena, Italy. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929 as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street legal vehicles in 1947 as Ferrari S.p.A.. Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has largely enjoyed great success, especially during the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, late 1990s, and 2000s. After years of financial struggles, Enzo Ferrari sold the company's sports car division to the Fiat group in 1969 to ensure continued financial backing. Enzo Ferrari retained control of the racing division until his death in 1988 at the age of 90. Earlier that year he had overseen the launch of the Ferrari F40; the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death.

Ferrari also has an internally managed merchandising line that licenses many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, perfume, clothing, high-tech bicycles, cell phones, and even laptop computers. Financial Times named Ferrari number one on its 2007 list of the 100 Best Workplaces in Europe.

A1 Grand Prix

On October 11 2007, it was announced that Ferrari will power all A1 Grand Prix cars from the 2008-09 season.

The "Cavallino Rampante"

The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is a black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters S F (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood (see picture above) and this race logo on the side.

On June 17, 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, an ace of the Italian air force and national hero of World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would bring him good luck. The original "prancing horse" on Baracca's airplane was painted in red on a white cloud-like shape, but Ferrari chose to have the horse in black (as it had been painted as a sign of grief on Baracca's squadron planes after the pilot was killed in action) and he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. The Ferrari horse was, from the very beginning, markedly different from the Baracca horse in most details, the most noticeable being the tail that in the original Baracca version was pointing downward.

Count Francesco Baracca

Ferrari has used the cavallino rampante on official company stationery since 1929. Since the Spa 24 Hours of July 9, 1932, the cavallino rampante has been used on Alfa Romeos raced by Scuderia Ferrari.

A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart. This horse motif comes from the origins of the city's name: it comes from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the modern German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Stuttgart is the home of Porsche, which also uses the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of Württemberg.

Coat of arms of Stuttgart, Germany

Fabio Taglioni used the cavallino rampante on his Ducati motorbikes, as Taglioni was born at Lugo di Romagna like Baracca, and his father too was a military pilot during WWI (even if not part of Baracca's squadron, as is mistakenly reported). As Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse- perhaps the result of a private agreement between the two companies.

The cavallino rampante is now a trademark of Ferrari. However, other companies use similar logos: Avanti, an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's.

Many aspects of the cover design of the third Jamiroquai album, Travelling Without Moving, as well as the single Virtual Insanity and some single promos pay homage to the Ferrari logo.

Sports cars

Ferrari's first models were sports/racing cars quite different from the grand touring models that followed. See below for a complete list.

2-seat Gran Turismo

Ferrari quickly moved into the Gran Turismo market, and the bulk of the company's sales remain in this area.

• 1949 166 Inter
• 1950 195 Inter
• 1951 212 Inter
• 1951 342 America
• 1953 375 MM
• 1953 250 Europa
• 1953 375 America
• 1954 250 Europa GT
• 1956 410 Superamerica
• 1956-1963 250 GT Europa/Boano/Ellena/Pininfarina Coupe/Lusso
• 1957-1960 250 GT Berlinetta/Cabriolet/California Spyder/SWB
• 1960 400 Superamerica
• 1964-1968 275
  • 1964-1965 275 GTB Coupe
  • 1964-1965 275 GTS Spyder
  • 1966-1968 275 GTB/4
• 1964 500 Superfast
• 1964 330
  • 1966 330 GTC Coupe
  • 1966 330 GTS Spyder
• 1966 365 California
• 1968 365
  • 1968-1969 365 GTC Coupe
  • 1969-1970 365 GTS Spyder
• 1968-1973 365 Daytona
  • 1968 365 GTB/4 Coupe
  • 1968 365 GTS/4 Spyder
• 1996-2001 550 Maranello
  • 1996-2001 550 Maranello
  • 2001 550 Barchetta
• 2002-2006 575M Maranello
  • 2002-2006 575M Maranello
  • 2005 575M Superamerica
• 2007 599 GTB Fiorano

Mid-engine V6/V8

The Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. V6 and V8 Ferrari models make up well over half of the marque's total production.

• 1968-1974 Dino
  • 1968-1969 Dino 206 GT
  • 1969-1974 246GT Berlinetta, or Coupe
  • 1972-1974 246GTS (targa top) Spyder
• 1975-1989 208/308/328 GTB/GTS
  • 1975-1977 308 GTB (GRP)
  • 1977-1979 308 GTB and GTS
  • 1980-1981 208 GTB & GTS
  • 1980-1981 308 GTBi & GTSi
  • 1982-1985 208 GTB/GTS Turbo
  • 1982-1985 308 GTB/GTS Quattrovalvole
  • 1986-1989 328 GTB & GTS
  • 1986 208 GTB/GTS Turbo
• 1989-1994 348
  • 1989-1993 348 TB & TS
  • 1993-1994 348 GTB, GTS & Spider
• 1994-1999 F355
  • 1994-1999 F355 Berlinetta & GTS
  • 1995-1999 F355 Spider
  • 1995 F355 Challenge
  • 1998-1999 355 F1
• 1999-2004 360
  • 1999-2004 360 Modena & Spider
  • 2003-2004 360 Challenge Stradale
• 2005 F430
  • 2005 F430 & F430 Spider
  • 2007 430 Scuderia

Mid-engine 2+2

For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.

• 1974-1980 208/308 GT4
  • 1974-1975 Dino 308 GT4
  • 1976-1980 308 GT4
  • 1975-1980 208 GT4
• 1980-1993 Mondial
  • 1980-1981 Mondial 8
  • 1982-1985 Mondial QV (Quattrovalvole) Coupe
  • 1983-1985 Mondial QV Cabriolet
  • 1985-1989 3.2 Mondial Copue & 3.2 Mondial Cabriolet
  • 1989-1993 Mondial T Coupe & Mondial T Cabriolet

Front-engine 2+2

The company has also produced front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the current 612 Scaglietti.

• 1960-1963 250
  • 1960-1963 250 GT/E 2+2
• 1964-1967 330
  • 1964-1965 330 GT 2+2
  • 1965-1967 330 GT 2+2 Mk II
• 1967-1971 365
  • 1967-1971 365 GT 2+2
• 1968-1973 365 Daytona
  • 1971-1972 365 GTC/4
  • 1972-1976 365 GT4 2+2
• 1976-1989 400 & 412
  • 1976 400 Automatic
  • 1979 400i
  • 1985 412
• 1992-2003 456 & 456 M
  • 1992-1997 456 GT & GTA Coupe
  • 1998-2003 456 M GT & M GTA Coupe
• 2004 612 Scaglietti

Mid-engine 12-cylinder

Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferraris.

• 1973-1984 Berlinetta Boxer
  • 1973-1976 365 GT4 BB
  • 1976-1981 512 BB
  • 1981-1984 512i BB
• 1984-1996 Testarossa
  • 1984-1992 Testarossa
  • 1992-1994 512 TR
  • 1994-1996 F512 M

Supercars

The company's loftiest efforts have been in the supercar market.

• 1962-1964 250 GTO
• 1984-1985 288 GTO
• 1987-1992 F40
• 1995-1997 F50
• 1996 F50 GT
• 2003-2005 Enzo
• 2006 FXX

Competition models

Current

• 2008 F2008
• 2007 599 GTB Fiorano
• 2006-2008 Ferrari F430
• 2006 F430 GT
• 2006 F430 Pista
• 2006 FXX

Past

• • 1940 AAC 815
  • 1947 125 Sport
  • 1947 159 Sport
  • 1948 166 S/SC/MM
  • 1950 195 S
  • 1951 340 America
  • 1951 212 Export
  • 1952 225 S
  • 1952 250 S
  • 1952 340 Mexico
  • 1953 250 MM
  • 1953 Ferrari-Abarth 166 MM/53
  • 1953 625 TF
  • 1953 735 S
  • 1953 500 Mondial
  • 1953 340 MM
  • 1953 375 MM
  • 1954 750 Monza
  • 1954 250 Monza
  • 1954 375 Plus
  • 1955 118 LM
  • 1955 121 LM
  • 1955 410 S
  • 1955 857 S
  • 1956 500 TR
  • 1956 290 MM
  • 1956 290 S
  • 1956 860 Monza
  • 1956 625 LM
  • 1957 500 TRC
  • 1957 315 S
  • 1957 335 S
  • 1957 250 Testa Rossa
  • 1960 250 TR60/61
  • 1962 250 GTO
  • 1963 330 LM Berlinetta
  • 1963 P/LM series
    • 1963 250 P
    • 1964 250 LM
    • 1964 330 P
    • 1965 330 P2
    • 1966 330 P3
    • 1967 330 P4
    • 1967 412 P
  • 1969 Ferrari 212 E "Montagna"
  • 1969 312 P
  • 1969 512 S and 512 M
  • 1971 312 PB
  • 1994 333 SP
  • 1995 F50 GT
  • 2005 FXX

• Formula 1
  • 1948 125 F1
  • 1950 275 F1
  • 1950 340 F1
  • 1950 375 F1
  • 1954 553 F1
  • 1954 625 F1
  • 1955 555 F1
  • 1955 Ferrari-Lancia D50
  • 1957 801 F1
  • 1958 412 MI
  • 1958 246 F1
  • 1959 256 F1
  • 1961 156 F1
  • 1964 158 F1
  • 1964 512 F1
  • 1966 312 F1
  • 1970 312 B
  • 1971 312 B2
  • 1973 312 B3
  • 1975 312 T
  • 1976 312 T2
  • 1978 312 T3
  • 1979 312 T4
  • 1980 312 T5
  • 1981 126 C
  • 1982 126 C2
  • 1983 126 C3
  • 1984 126 C4
  • 1985 156/85
  • 1986 F1/86
  • 1987 F1/87
  • 1988 F1/88
  • 1989 F1 640
  • 1990 F1 641
  • 1991 F1 642
  • 1991 F1 643
  • 1992 F 92 A
  • 1993 F 93 A
  • 1994 412 T1/T1B
  • 1995 412 T2
  • 1996 F 310
  • 1997 F 310 B
  • 1998 F 300
  • 1999 F 399
  • 2000 F1-2000
  • 2001 F2001
  • 2002 F2002
  • 2003 F2003-GA
  • 2004 F2004
  • 2005 F2005
  • 2006 248 F1
  • 2007 F2007

• Formula 2
  • 1948 125 F2
  • 1951 500 F2
  • 1953 553 F2
  • 1957 Dino 156 F2
  • 1967 Dino 166 F2

Concept Models

• • 1968 Ferrari P5
  • 1969 Ferrari Pininfarina 512S Berlinetta Speciale
  • 1970 Ferrari Pininfarina Modulo
  • 1989 Ferrari Mythos
  • 2005 Ferrari GG50
  • 2006 Ferrari P4/5
  • 2006 Ferrari Zagato 575 GTZ

APPLE

Apple Inc.
Type	Public (NASDAQ: AAPL, LSE:0HDZ, FWB:APC)
Founded	California, USA (April 1, 1976, as Apple Computer Inc.)
Headquarters	1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California
Key people	Steve Jobs, CEO & Co-founder Steve Wozniak, Co-founder Timothy D. Cook, COO Peter Oppenheimer, CFO Philip W. Schiller, SVP Marketing Jonathan Ive, SVP Industrial Design Tony Fadell, SVP iPod Division Ron Johnson, SVP Retail Sina Tamaddon, SVP Applications Bertrand Serlet, SVP Software Engineering Scott Forstall, VP Platform Experience
Industry	Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics
Products	Mac (personal computer series), Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server, iPod, QuickTime, iTunes, iLife, iWork, Safari, Apple Remote Desktop, Xsan, Final Cut Studio, Aperture, Logic Studio, Cinema Display, AirPort, Apple Mighty Mouse, Xserve, iPhone, Apple TV
Revenue	US$24.01 billion ▲ (TTM FY 2007)
Operating income	US$4.41 billion ▲ (TTM FY 2007) (18.37% operating margin)
Net income	US$3.50 billion ▲ (TTM FY 2007) (14.56% profit margin)
Employees	17,787 full-time; 2,399 temporary (September 30, 2006)
	Apple Inc. , formerly Apple Computer Inc., is an American multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing consumer electronics and closely related software products. Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, Apple develops, sells, and supports a series of personal computers, portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, and computer hardware and hardware accessories. As of September 2007, the company operates about 200 retail stores in five countriesiTunes Store provides music, audiobooks, iPod games, music videos, episodes of television programs, and movies which can be downloaded using iTunes on Mac or Windows (and in Linux under Wine), and also on the iPod touch and the iPhone. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of personal computers, the iPod line of portable media players, and the iPhone. Apple's software products include the Mac OS X operating system, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, and Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio- and film-industry software products. and an online store where hardware and software products are sold. The The company, incorporated January 3, 1977, was known as "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years. On January 9, 2007, the company dropped "Computer" from its corporate name, the company's ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers. Apple employs over 20,000 permanent and temporary workers worldwide and had worldwide annual sales in its fiscal yearSeptember 29, 2007) of US$24.01 billion. 2007 (ending For a variety of reasons, ranging from its philosophy of comprehensive aestheticdesign to its distinctive advertising campaigns, Apple has engendered a unique reputation in the consumer electronicsUnited States, that is unusually devoted to the company and its brand.that is unusually devoted to the company and its brand industry. This includes a customer base, particularly in the UNITED STATES

DELL

Dell Incorporated
Type	Public (NASDAQ: DELL SEHK: 4331)
Founded	Austin, Texas (November 4, 1984) (as "PC's Limited")
Headquarters	Round Rock, Texas United States
Key people	Michael Dell, founder, Chairman and CEO Don Carty, CFO
Industry	Technology
Products	Desktops Servers Notebooks Peripherals Printers
Revenue	▲$57.095 billion USD (2007)
Operating income	▼$3.1 billion USD (2007)
Net income	▼$2.6 billion USD (2007)
Employees	95,000 (worldwide)
Subsidiaries	Alienware, ASAP Software, EqualLogic
Slogan	Yours Is Here (prior to 2007: Purely You) Uniquely You (Australia) Easy as DELL (Europe)
Website	www.dell.com

Dell Inc. (NASDAQ: DELL SEHK: 4331), an American technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, develops, manufactures, sells, and supports personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, personal digital assistants (PDAs), software, televisions, computer peripherals, and other technology-related products. As of 2008, Dell employed more than 95,000 people worldwide.

Dell grew through the 1980s and 1990s to become at one stage the largest seller of PCs and servers. It currently holds the third spot in the computer industry behind Hewlett Packard and Acer Inc.

In 2006, Fortune magazine ranked Dell as the 25th-largest company in the Fortune 500 list, 8th on its annual Top 20 list of the most-admired companies in the United States. In 2007 Dell ranked 34th and 8th respectively on the equivalent lists for the year. A 2006 publication identified Dell as one of 38 high-performance companies in the S&P 500 which had consistently out-performed the market over the previous 15 years.

IBM

International Business Machines Corporation
Type	Public
Founded	1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters	Armonk, New York, USA
Key people	Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman & CEO Mark Loughridge SVP & CFO Dan Fortin, President (Canada) Frank Kern, President (Asia Pacific) Nick Donofrio, EVP (Innovation & Technology) Bruno Di Leo, President IOT Northeast Europe Dominique Cerutti, President IOT Southwest Europe
Industry	Computer hardware Computer software Consulting IT Services
Products	See products listing
Revenue	▲ $98.8 billion USD (+4% FY'07 to '08)
Net income	▲ $10.8 billion USD (+18% FY'07 to '08)
Employees	355,766 (2006)
Subsidiaries	ADSTAR FileNet Informix Iris Associates Lotus Software Rational Software Sequent Computer Systems Tivoli Systems, Inc.
Slogan	On Demand Business, in demand people
Website	www.ibm.com

International Business Machines Corporation (abbreviated IBM, nicknamed "Big Blue"; NYSE: IBM) is a multinational computer technology and consulting corporationArmonk, New York, USA. The company is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. headquartered in

IBM has been known through most of its recent history as the world's largest computer company; with over 355,000 employees worldwide, IBM is the largest information technologyHewlett-Packard in total revenue since 2006, it remains the most profitable. IBM holds more patents than any other U.S. based technology company. It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and IBM Research has eight laboratories worldwide. IBM employees have earned three Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science. As a chip maker, IBM is among the Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Sales Leaders. employer in the world.

MICROSOFT

Type	Public (NASDAQ: MSFT)
Founded	Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (April 4, 1975)
Headquarters	Redmond, Washington, United States
Key people	Bill Gates, Co-founder and Executive Chairman Paul Allen, Co-founder Steve Ballmer, CEO Ray Ozzie, Chief Software Architect
Industry	Computer software Publishing Research and development Computer hardware Video games
Products	Microsoft Windows Microsoft Office Microsoft Servers Developer Tools Business Solutions Games& Xbox Windows LivE Windows Mobile Zune
Revenue	▲ US $51.12 billion (2007)
Operating income	▲ US $18.52 billion (2007)
Net income	▲ US $14.06 billion (2007)
Employees	79,000 (2007)
Slogan	Your potential. Our passion.
	Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) (SEHK: 4338), or often just MS, is an multinational computer technology corporation with 79,000 employees in 102 countries and global annual revenue of US $51.12 billion as of 2007. It develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA, its best selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. These products have prominent positions in the desktop computer market, with market share estimates as high as 90% or more as of 2003 for Microsoft Office and 2006 for Microsoft Windows. One of Bill Gates' key visions is "to get a workstation running our software onto every desk and eventually in every home". Founded to develop and sell basic for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s. The company released an initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market, which, due to the ensuing rise of the stock price, has made four billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Throughout its history the company has been the target of criticism for various reasons, including monopolistic business practices—both the U.S. Justice Department and the European Commission, among others, brought Microsoft to court for antitrust violations and software bundling. Microsoft has footholds in other markets besides operating systems and office suites, with assets such as the MSNBC cable television network, the MSN Internet portal, and the Microsoft Encarta multimedia encyclopedia. The company also markets both computer hardware products such as the Microsoft mouse and home entertainment products such as the Xbox, Xbox 360, Zune and MSN TV. Known for what is generally described as a developer-centric business culture, Microsoft has historically given customer support over Usenet newsgroups and the World Wide Web, and awards Microsoft MVP status to volunteers who are deemed helpful in assisting the company's customers. The company's official website is one of the most visited on the Internet, receiving more than 2.4 million unique page views per day according to Alexa.com, which ranked the site 18th amongst all websites for traffic rank on September 12, 2007. Google Inc. Type Public (NASDAQ: GOOG), (LSE:GGEA) Founded Menlo Park, California (September 7, 1998) Headquarters Google Campus, Mountain View, California, USA Key people Eric E. Schmidt, CEO/Director Sergey Brin, Co-Founder, Technology President Larry Page, Co-Founder, Products President George Reyes, CFO Industry Internet, Computer software Products See list of Google products Revenue US$16.593 billion ▲56% (2007) Net income US$4.203 billion ▲25% (2007)[2] Total assets US$25.335 billion (2007) Total equity US$22.689 billion (2007) Employees 16,805 (December 31, 2007) Slogan Don't be evil Website www.google.com Google Inc. is an American public corporation, earning revenue from online and mobile advertising related to its Internet search, web-based e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. Google's headquarters, the Googleplex, is located in Mountain View, California, and the company has 16,805 full-time employees (as of December 31, 2007). It is the largest American company (by market capitalization) that is not part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (as of October 31, 2007). Google was co-founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 7, 1998. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising US$1.67 billion, making it worth US$23 billion. Google has continued its growth through a series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships. Environmentalism, philanthropy, and positive employee relations have been important tenets during Google's growth, the latter resulting in being identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine's #1 Best Place to Work. The company's unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil", however Google is not without controversy related to its business practices; there are concerns regarding the privacy of personal information, copyright, censorship, and discontinuation of services.